Device to prevent urinary leakage

ABSTRACT

A device to prevent urinary leakage intended to be implanted in a patient includes a compressor to compress the patient&#39;s urethra, an electronic controller to actuate the compressor, and a measurer to measure the patient&#39;s activity. The measurer is coupled with the controller and the controller functions according to a predictive model of urinary leakage based on patient activity, so as to anticipate a possible urinary leak in relation to the measured activity of the patient.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/674,501, filed Feb. 22, 2010, which is a National Phase entry of PCT/EP2008/060404, filed Aug. 7, 2008, which claims priority to FR 0757159, filed Aug. 24, 2007, all of which are incorporated by reference herein.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention concerns devices for the artificial regulation of the flow of human fluids, and more precisely devices intended to prevent urinary incontinence.

BACKGROUND

Urinary incontinence is a handicap which affects both women and men. This handicap can be defined as involuntary loss of urine through the urethra. In most cases, it is due to weakening of pelvic support or of the bladder/sphincter unit.

Depending on symptoms, solutions exist which do not require any surgery, such as rehabilitation or medicinal treatments. When these methods are insufficient, severe incontinence then requires the insertion of a prosthesis so that the patient can return to a normal social life. In the event of severe incontinence, the method the most frequently used consists of implanting an artificial urinary sphincter (AUS, or SUA referring to the French expression “Sphincter Urinaire Artificiel”).

The most widespread prosthesis consists of a hydraulic system in silicon elastomer formed of three main parts. The first part consists of an occlusive cuff placed around the urethra and exerting urethral circumferential pressure by means of a pad filled with liquid and thereby ensuring patient continence. The second is a pressure regulating balloon which, when filled with a certain volume of liquid (around 20 ml), allows constant hydraulic pressure to be set up. The regulated pressure is chosen in relation to the patient during surgery, it not being possible to change this pressure once the prosthesis is in place. Finally, a pump is needed to ensure opening of the urethral part compressed by the cuff. This pump consists of a bulb, a resistor and two valves which ensure circulation of the liquid to or from the occlusive cuff. When the person feels the urge to urinate, such person presses on the bulb located on the lower part of the pump, the fluid is transferred from the cuff to the regulating balloon: the pressure exerted on the urethra then becomes negligible compared with the bladder pressure. The urine is then able to flow freely outside the bladder, meaning that this is a non-dysuric method. A few minutes later, the liquid is transferred from the balloon to the cuff by means of the pressure exerted on the resistor by the regulating balloon, the urethra is again occluded. The control pump is positioned in the scrotum in men and in one of the labia in women.

The efficiency of this prosthesis means that it is a reference product but it nevertheless has a certain number of disadvantages. Firstly, as mentioned above, the regulating pressure of the cuff can only be adapted at the time of implanting of the prosthesis, which may give rise to problems if the development of the pathology leads to requiring modification of pressure at the urethra to meet the patient's needs. Additionally, this system does not offer satisfactory comfort for the patient who must actuate the pump whenever necessary, such control not being easy moreover since the pump must be held and forcefully pressed. Finally, the functioning of this prosthesis entails almost continuous major compression of the urethra, which may induce urethral atrophy. Since the prosthesis only operates at one single urethral pressure, this must be fairly high to prevent leaks, which over the long term may damage the urethra. Finally, there are problems of reliability of the constituent parts of the prosthesis, notably the pump and hydraulic circuit assembly.

Alternative devices have been developed in an attempt to overcome some of these drawbacks, in particular by proposing electronic controls for the prosthesis, but none has proved satisfactory, notably with regard to their use or patient safety. The above-mentioned disadvantages related to existing artificial urinary sphincters means that these prostheses are only used to treat major urinary incontinence. As a result, artificial urinary sphincters are not used for patients suffering from minor incontinence, i.e. generally only stress incontinence. These patients prefer to bear the discomfort of their pathology or opt for a dysuric prosthesis i.e. a prosthesis which constantly exerts pressure on the urethra. For voiding to be possible, the patient must contract the bladder sufficiently to combat the resistance set up at the urethra by the prosthesis. In addition to the drawback mentioned above concerning almost constant pressure applied to the urethra which may lead to urethral atrophy, the effort required for voiding with this type of prosthesis creates a kind of artificial prostate adenoma which may have consequences for the patient.

SUMMARY

One purpose of the present invention is therefore to propose a device to prevent urinary leakage in a patient, which solves at least one of the above-mentioned disadvantages. One purpose of the present invention is more particularly to propose a device to prevent urinary leakage whose functioning reduces mean compression at the urethra to prevent its deterioration. Another purpose of the invention is to propose a device to prevent urinary leakage that is simple and reliable, and can therefore be used irrespective of the seriousness of the urinary incontinence to be treated.

For this purpose, a device is proposed to prevent urinary leakage intended to be implanted in a patient, comprising:

-   -   compression means to compress the urethra of the patient,     -   electronic control means to actuate the compression means,         characterized in that it further comprises measurement means, to         measure the activity of the patient, coupled with control means,         the control means functioning along a predictive model of         urinary leakage based on patient activity so as to anticipate         any leakage of urine in relation to the measured activity of the         patient.

Preferred but non-limiting aspects of the device to prevent urinary leakage are the following:

-   -   -   the measurement means comprise means to measure the position             and movement of the patient, said means to measure the             position and movement of the patient possibly comprising an             accelerometer with one or more measurement axes;         -   the measurement means comprise means to measure the             intra-abdominal pressure of the patient;         -   the measurement means comprise means to measure the             intra-vesical pressure;         -   the measurement means comprise means to measure the             endo-urethral pressure of the patient;         -   the measurement means comprise means to measure the activity             of a muscle;         -   the means to measure the activity of a muscle comprise a MMG             sensor (mechanomyograph) intended to be placed on said             muscle to measure the movements generated at the time of the             contractions of said muscle;         -   the means to measure the activity of a muscle comprise an             EMG sensor (electromyograph) intended to be placed through             said muscle to measure the electric potential generated on             contractions of said muscle;         -   the means to measure the activity of a muscle comprise means             to measure the activity of at least one portion of one of             the rectus abdominis muscles, to measure the activity of at             least one of the pelvic muscles and/or to measure the             activity of the detrusor;         -   the measurement means comprise means to measure the             patient's heart rate;         -   the measurement means comprise means to measure the             patient's respiratory rate;         -   the device is characterized in that it further comprises:             -   detection means intended to be arranged in the patient                 to detect urinary leakage;             -   storage means to store measurement and detection signals                 provided by the measurement means and the detection                 means respectively,             -   processing means to process measurement and detection                 signals stored for a determined time corresponding to a                 significant period of activity of the patient, to                 construct a predictive model of urinary leakage in the                 patient, by correlating a combination of all or part of                 the measurement signals with the presence or absence of                 subsequent urinary leakage, so that the predictive model                 can be used to anticipate any urinary leakage in                 relation to the measured activity of the patient;         -   the device further comprises means to measure filling of the             patient's bladder, the predictive model of urinary leakage             being further based on filling of the patient's bladder;         -   the means to measure filling of the bladder comprise an             ultrasound sensor intended to be implanted in the patient to             visualize the bladder;         -   the control means comprise means to actuate the compression             means dynamically in relation to the measured activity of             the patient;         -   the compression means are adapted to exert compression of             variable intensity on the urethra, ranging from no             compression to full occlusion of the urethra;         -   the device further comprises safety means adapted to actuate             the compression means to obtain full absence of compression             on the urethra in response to instructed opening and, in             response to instructed closing, to actuate the compression             means to obtain compression of the urethra equal to the             compression prior to the opening instruction given by the             patient;         -   the safety means are coupled with physiological sensors             intended to be implanted in the patient to allow the patient             to transmit an opening or closing instruction to the safety             means;         -   the physiological sensors are arranged for measurement of             the contraction of a muscle so that the instruction to open             or to close is related to the frequency of contraction of             said muscle;         -   the safety means are coupled with external control means             adapted to allow an assistant to transmit an opening or             closing instruction to the safety means;         -   the safety means are able to be actuated by the external             control means via radio waves;         -   the safety means are able to be actuated by the external             control means via magnetic waves;         -   the safety means are coupled with an internal clock, the             internal clock permitting the recording of time periods             between micturitions of the patient, the safety means being             adapted to actuate the compression means to obtain full             absence of compression on the urethra if the maximum time             period between two micturitions is exceeded.

A method is also proposed to control a device for the prevention of urinary leakage intended to be implanted in a patient, said device comprising means to compress the urethra of the patient, electronic control means to actuate the compression means, the method being characterized in that it comprises the steps consisting of:

-   -   -   measuring the patient's activity with the measurement means,         -   comparing the patient's measured activity with a predictive             model of urinary leakage based on the patient's activity,         -   controlling the compression means in relation to the             measured activity and to the predictive model in order to             anticipate any urinary leakage.

Preferred but non-limiting aspects of this control method are the following:

-   -   -   the method further comprises the prior steps consisting of:             -   for a determined time corresponding to a significant                 period of activity of the patient, measuring the                 activity of the patient with the measurement means, and                 recording the corresponding measurement signals,             -   simultaneously, detecting urinary leaks using detection                 means arranged in the patient to detect any urinary                 leakage, and recording the corresponding detection                 signals,             -   determining the trend in measurement signals preceding                 each detected urinary leakage,             -   constructing a predictive model of the patient's urinary                 leakage, by correlating a measurement signal given in                 the presence or absence of a subsequent urinary leak, so                 that the predictive model is able to anticipate any                 urinary leak in relation to the measured activity of the                 patient;         -   the method further comprises a step consisting of measuring             filling of the patient's bladder, the urinary leakage             predictive model being further determined in relation to             filling of the bladder;         -   in response to an opening instruction, the compression means             no longer exert any compression on the urethra, and in             response to a closing instruction, the compression means             exert a compression on the urethra that is equal to the             compression preceding the opening instruction given by the             patient, the patient being able to give an opening or             closing instruction via a physiological signal.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Other characteristics and advantages of the invention will become further apparent from the following description which is given solely by way of illustration and is non-limiting, and is to be read with reference to the appended drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of the device to prevent urinary leakage according to the invention;

FIG. 2 illustrates the use of an accelerometer in a patient for the device shown in FIG. 1 ;

FIG. 3 illustrates measurement of the inclination of a patient provided with an accelerometer as shown in FIG. 2 ; and

FIG. 4 illustrates the trigger thresholds of the accelerometer for the device shown in FIG. 1 .

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Known prostheses to overcome urinary incontinence generally exert constant pressure on the urethra except at the time of micturition when the pressure is relaxed to allow unrestricted voiding. However, for a healthy patient, the sphincter has dynamic functioning, i.e. it exerts greater or lesser pressure on the urethra in relation to needs. The demand placed on the sphincter is effectively greater or lesser depending on the activity exerted by the patient, but also in relation to the filling of the bladder i.e. the volume of urine in the bladder).

The device proposed herein, which is described in detail below, reproduces this dynamic functioning of the sphincter, making it possible to vary the pressure on the urethra in relation to the patient's activity, so as to reduce the mean pressure applied to the urethra. The operating principle of the described device to prevent urinary leakage is the monitoring of the patient activity using different sensors so that it is possible, using a predictive model, to anticipate any possible urinary leak related to increased intra-vesical pressure compared with urethral pressure, and to apply pressure to the urethra whenever necessary to prevent these leaks.

As can be seen illustrated in FIG. 1 , the device to prevent urinary leakage comprises an occlusive cuff 1 intended to be placed around the urethra of the patient to be treated. The device presented is electronically controlled and therefore comprises an electronic control box 2 comprising at least one microprocessor. This control box 2 is used to actuate the cuff 1 so that it applies greater or lesser pressure to the urethra. The actuation of the cuff 1 may be of any type, both hydraulic and mechanical.

In the example illustrated in FIG. 1 , the cuff 1 is coupled with a hydraulic actuation circuit comprising a reservoir 3 and ducts 4 for circulation of a fluid. This hydraulic circuit further comprises means 5 to circulate the fluid enabling the fluid to circulate from the reservoir 3 to the cuff 1 and the reverse. These circulation means 5 are adapted for fluid circulation at relatively high rates of several tens of millilitres per minute. The fluid must be circulated rapidly in the hydraulic circuit so that the cuff can be brought to the desired pressure in a relatively short time, in the order of 100 ms.

It is possible for example to use a micropump as circulation means 5. To increase the performance of the micropump if necessary it is possible to place an overpressure chamber at the outlet of the pump and a microvalve with proportional control at the input to the cuff, which will allow the required pressure to be reached in a shorter time. Another solution is to use as circulation means 5 a piston system actuated by a micromotor, the piston enabling the liquid to be injected quicker into the cuff and thereby reach the desired pressures.

The control device 2 further comprises means for remote communication with an external control device 6. This communication can be made via radio waves, using technology of Bluetooth® type for example. This will allow modification to the parameterization of the control device, even to take control thereof to force the functioning of the device to prevent urinary leakage.

Finally, the device comprises a plurality of sensors 7 allowing the patient's activity to be measured. These sensors 7 may be of any type; an accelerometer may be used for example to measure movements of the patient, MMG (mechanomyograph) or EMG (electromyograph) sensors to measure the activity of some of the patient's muscles, or pressure sensors (abdominal, urethral, even intra-vesical when this is possible). The choice of sensors 7 is explained in more detail in the remainder of the description. It is noted however that the sensors used do not actually require any surgery to be placed in position. They may simply be placed in some parts of the abdomen. These sensors 7 will be used during the calibration phase of the device, during which a predictive model of urinary leakage will be constructed. They will also come into use during normal utilisation of the device to prevent urinary leakage by causing the pressure of the cuff 1 to vary on the urethra whenever it is necessary.

The predictive model of urinary leakage is designed to anticipate a urinary leak which may be suffered by the patient, based on information concerning the activity of the patient. Some particular activities effectively lead to a change in the ratio between intra-vesical pressure and urethral pressure, which may cause undesired urinary leaks. This is the case for example if the patient exerts an effort that is greater than normal activity. It is also the case when the patient is in sleep phase when urethral pressure is reduced as compared with intra-vesical pressure. Detection of these particular situations therefore makes it possible to anticipate any possible leak and therefore to modify the pressure exerted on the urethra.

To avoid causing the pressure on the urethra to vary continuously, focus is given to 4 main phases during which pressure on the urethra must be modified. First there is the voiding phase, when the sphincter applies little or no pressure on the urethra so that a patient is able to urinate freely without any particular effort. During this voiding phase, very low pressure can be applied to the urethra, corresponding for example to a pressure P₀ in the cuff that is less than 10 cmH₂O (10 centimetres of water).

As already indicated, another important phase is the sleep phase during which the body relaxes. The corresponding pressure P_(lying) may be relatively low even close to P₀ in some cases. It is noted that this pressure is patient-dependent and may be determined on a case-by-case basis once the device has been implanted.

The most frequent phase corresponds to the time when the patient leads normal activity i.e. during which no particular effort is made (standing up, sitting down, walking, etc.). In this case, a pressure P_(act) must be applied to the urethra. This pressure is to be determined during calibration of the device so that it is just sufficient to prevent leaks.

The last phase corresponds to the time when the patient exerts an effort involving high intra-vesical pressures (exercising, coughing, etc.). The pressure P_(effort) exerted on the urethra in this case is higher than pressure P_(act). The pressure P_(effort) can be used to modulate P_(act), when there is a sudden increase in pressure in the patient's bladder when conducting normal activity; for example after coughing the pressure in the cuff increases from P_(act) to P_(effort) for one instant then falls back to P_(act) if bladder pressure has been reduced.

Evidently, patient activity and associated sphincter pressure could be broken down into other phases. The proposed device is described for dynamic control over pressure at the urethra according to these 4 phases, even if it could easily be adapted for another breakdown of patient activity.

A description will now be given of the sensors 7 which can be used alone or in combination to measure patient activity so that it is possible to compare this information with the predictive model of urinary leakage and to cause the pressure of the cuff to vary on the urethra accordingly. As already pointed out, preference is given to sensors which do not require any particular surgery to place them in position. It is further noted that it is also possible to use sensors already implanted in the patient, or which are to be implanted later for other devices. For example, if a pacemaker is or is to be implanted, it is possible to cause it to communicate with the described artificial urinary sphincter, in particular to use data on the patient's heart rate. In this case, a standard data transfer protocol between the devices can be used.

It may first be of interest to measure the position and movement of the patient. For this purpose, it is possible for example to use an accelerometer comprising one or more measurement axes. Preferably, an accelerometer having three measurement axes is used so that it is possible to evaluate patient movements in the three directions in space.

It is possible to limit the number of measurement axes to one, the accelerometer then being arranged so that the measurement axis lies in the longitudinal axis of the patient i.e. following axis x such as illustrated in FIG. 2 . An accelerometer with only one measurement axis can effectively measure the inclination of the patient by means of earth's gravity and thereby detect when a person is lying down. It also provides information on patient movements which lead to an increase in intra-vesical pressure even if this information is incomplete since only one direction of movement is detected.

Regarding detection of the lying down position, if it is considered that the force of gravity {right arrow over (g)} follows axis x (see FIG. 2 ), simple measurement of acceleration {right arrow over (α)}_(x) following this axis can determine whether the patient is lying down. If it is estimated that a person is lying down when α<10° (see FIG. 3 ), an amplitude |{right arrow over (α)}_(x)|=9.81 sin(10)=1.7 m/s² ² is obtained i.e. around environ 0.17 g, which we will take to be our detection threshold.

The consideration given to the time during which the amplitude of acceleration is less than 0.17 g is also significant since this amplitude can also be less than the determined threshold even though the patient is not lying down. This is the case for example when the patient undergoes relative accelerations following the negative x_(s) (reference system in FIG. 2 ) for a short time e.g. when in a lift or when jumping. Therefore the time must be calculated during which acceleration is less than the threshold of 0.17 g so as to confirm a stable lying down status, and to actuate the system so that the pressure in the cuff changes to pressure P_(lying).

The accelerometer is also used as actimeter to measure accelerations along axis x which depend on patient movements. As mentioned above, persons suffering from stress incontinence (little severe incontinence) often suffer from leaks during activities which lead to an increase in abdominal, vesical and urethral pressure related to the pressure forces exerted by the surrounding organs. These leaks again depend on several factors related to movements of the patient. Measurement of patient movement gives additional information for estimation of the required cuff pressure and in particular allows determination of transition from pressure P_(act) to pressure P_(effort) which takes place when the patient is exerting an effort such as a sports activity for example or when going down stairs.

Measurements were made with the accelerometer during various patient activities in order to determine the threshold for accelerometric measurement allowing differentiation between “normal” activity and activity with “effort”. The accelerometer sensor with one axis was placed on the abdomen of a person when walking, running and jumping and the data was recorded during these activities. The table below describes the accelerations noted during the different exercises, and it will be noted that when the patient is standing without moving with the accelerometer directed in the direction of the x_(s) (according to the reference system in FIG. 2 ), the measurement is negative since the mobile weight used in the accelerometer undergoes the force of earth's gravity.

Posture/activity Acceleration (g) Standing −1 Lying down 0 Walking ±0.5 Running >|0.7| Jumping, low amplitude >|0.7| Jumping high amplitude >|1.5| Stairs (descending) ≈|0.7| These different measurements made it possible to determine several trigger thresholds with which to relate a measured acceleration with a type of activity, and hence with an associated cuff pressure.

Other types of sensors which can be used are pressure sensors. It is known that leaks depend on intra-vesical pressure. The simplest means to construct the predictive model and then to modify cuff pressure is to measure this intra-vesical pressure. However, placing intra-vesical sensors in position is not easy, which leads to using other types of complementary or substitute sensors.

The implanting of a pressure sensor between the pubic bone and the vesical wall allows indirect measurement of pressure in the bladder. The measurements of this pressure sensor set in the vesical wall provide good correlation with actual intra-vesical pressure. Despite the small measurement amplitudes, it is therefore possible to obtain the values of intra-vesical pressure from this particular sensor.

It has also been evidenced that abdominal pushing leads to increased vesical pressure which, on and after a certain threshold of abdominal pressure can lead to urinary leakage. It is therefore of advantage to use an abdominal pressure sensor so that it is possible to anticipate any urinary leak. It is to be noted that the threshold value of abdominal pressure corresponding to urinary leakage depends on the volume of bladder filling. Therefore, calibration of the threshold value of abdominal pressure corresponding to urinary leakage may be made by taking into consideration a mean filling value of the bladder. As will be seen further on, it is also possible to provide a system with which to measure or estimate the bladder filling rate, thereby giving threshold values of abdominal pressure in relation to bladder filling.

Determination of the threshold value(s) of abdominal pressure for urinary leakage can be made as follows. The pressure of the cuff is set at P_(act) and the patient is requested to push on the abdomen, glottis closed, in gradually increasing manner until a leak is observed (the pressure in the cuff remains at P_(act)). At this moment, the value of abdominal pressure is recorded and will correspond to the threshold abdominal pressure P_(abdoseuil) (from which a margin will be deducted) which will trigger the changeover of the occlusive cuff from P_(act) to P_(effort). This exercise is carried out for different bladder filling volumes, which will provide a threshold value P_(abdoseuil) related to the estimated volume.

A urethral pressure sensor may also be provided. The purpose is essentially safety-related to determine an abnormal increase in urethral pressure, for example at the time of inserting an endo-urethral probe, so that the cuff can be actuated to release constraint on the urethra allowing unrestricted passing of the probe. For this purpose, a pressure sensor can be used for example that is located on the wall of the cuff in contact with the urethra, in order to monitor the variations in pressure at the urethra. Any major increase in pressure would effectively be a sign that an object is probably being inserted through the urethra.

Measuring muscle activity also permits the prediction of any urinary leaks. For this purpose, MMG (mechanomyograph) sensors can be used, intended to be placed on the muscle of interest to measure movements generated by the contractions of said muscle. It is also possible to use EMG sensors (electromyograph) intended to be placed through a muscle to measure the electric potential generated on contraction of the said muscle.

Continence in a healthy person is met by muscle synchronization, in particular between the rectus abdominis muscles of the abdomen and the pelvic floor. It has been shown that the time between an increase in intra-vesical pressure and an increase in intra-urethral pressure is t_(p)≈250 ms±100 ms with urethral pressure exceeding abdominal pressure. This means that there exists anticipation of contraction by the urinary sphincter with any sudden increase in abdominal pressure to avoid leakage. When coughing for example, the sphincter contracts when the urge to cough is felt.

If sensors are used implanted on at least one portion of one of the rectus abdominis muscles, and if it is estimated that the mechano-electric feedback (i.e. the time between start of electric activity of the muscle and the start of mechanical activity) is of the same order as t_(p), it is then possible to predict sudden increases in bladder pressure. Measurements of the activity of the detrusor, which is the muscle forming the bladder, also give information that can be directly used to anticipate urinary leakage.

The pelvic floor, together with the pelvic bones, forms the bottom part of the abdominal cavity; it partly contains the urethra and is formed of a complex group of muscles, ligaments and nerves. At the time of physical effort, it is this assembly of organs which ensures continence in a healthy person. Reducing urinary leakage in a person suffering from little severe incontinence, such as stress incontinence, is possible after rehabilitation of the pelvic floor. This rehabilitation translates chiefly as muscular exercise directed at strengthening the tonicity of the pelvic floor. The results obtained after rehabilitation have shown an increase in the strength of the perineal muscles and good improvement in incontinence in women suffering from stress incontinence. Along the same lines as rehabilitation of the perineum, we propose implanting an EMG probe to acquire perineal muscle contractions whose duration and amplitude are correlated with the set pressure for the cuff. Specific rehabilitation of the pelvic floor enables a patient, by means of the muscular contractions made, to control the system so that the pressure in the cuff changes to P_(effort) when a leak is felt. The purpose is to provide an additional parameter for the system in the particular case when it does not respond to the instruction to avoid this leak. It can be imagined for example that if the patient feels a urinary leak, the patient contracts the perineal muscles which brings the pressure in the cuff to P_(effort) and thereby stops the leak. The contraction of the perineal muscles is a natural reflex when the urge for voiding is increasingly felt. Therefore, the “control” over the pressure of the cuff in relation to the activity of the pelvic floor does not require any complicated rehabilitation difficult to be assumed by the patient.

The EMG of the pelvic floor can also be used to command opening of the prosthesis (passing of cuff pressure to P₀) when the patient contracts the perineum muscles x times every y seconds. The sequence of contractions of the perineal muscles which permits opening of the cuff must be sufficiently complex to avoid obtaining the same sequence involuntarily, but it must also be sufficiently simple for reproducibility of the sequence of contractions.

As indicated above, knowledge of filling of the bladder can be a parameter of interest to take into account, notably to increase the precision of correlation between sensor measurements and predicted leakage. After complete micturition, the bladder is almost empty and it is therefore not necessary to apply the same pressure to the urethra as when the bladder is full, whether for P_(act) or for P_(effort). This is why the two pressure values P_(act) and P_(effort) increase over time after voiding until they reach the previously determined thresholds (to arrive at P_(actmax) and P_(effortmax) just before the following voiding).

Real measurement of bladder filling is difficult to implement. It is possible however to estimate filling of the bladder. The frequency of voiding (estimated at around 4 to 5 times per 24 h with no nocturnal voiding in a healthy person) is recorded, which allows an estimation of the mean bladder filling time i.e. the time between almost zero vesical pressure and pressure P_(actmax) for so-called “normal” patient activity. This gives a mean time T_(moy) such that:

$T_{moy} = {\sum\frac{T_{m}(i)}{k}}$

in which T_(m)(i) is the i^(th) time recorded between two voidings (i ranging from 1 to k) and k is the number of voiding times recorded.

Initially, i.e. after implantation, the time T_(moy) is of short duration, and can optionally be estimated in relation to the patient. Then, as and when recordings are made, T_(moy) will increasingly correspond to the mean time between each micturition of the patient. It is obvious that, depending on patient activity and hydration, filling of the bladder takes place at a quicker or slower rate. However, the pressure exerted on the urethra will always be sufficient since consideration is given to a greater margin for applied pressure and to adjustments made beforehand by care personnel on necessary closing pressures. Assuming that the frequency of voiding follows a Gaussian law, it is possible for example to increase the set pressure values linearly until they reach their maximum at T_(moy)−α, in which a is the standard deviation of our function.

One alternative to estimate the extent of filling of the bladder consists of using a miniature ultrasound sensor, for example constructed with CMUT technology i.e. using a capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer. The bladder is effectively characterized by low echogenecity. The sensor is implanted so that observation of the bladder is possible. Ideally two-dimensional (even three-dimensional) observation is made, but it is to be noted that one-dimensional observation may provide sufficient information. The advantage of observation in a single direction is that data processing (which consists for example of measuring the number of points whose echogenecity lies below a certain threshold) is extremely simple and requires very little computing. This number of points can be correlated with the extent of filling of the bladder. The correlation function can initially be estimated and then fine-tuned during use of the device by the patient, through analysis by the patient and by the medical team of the results obtained from processing ultrasound data in relation to clinical observations (urinary leaks for example) or analysis of measurements of the extent of filling of the bladder or by other means (external ultrasound performed by a doctor during a consultation for example). It will be noted that by taking into account the rate of filling of the bladder, the energy consumption of the system is also reduced since less demand is placed on the actuators.

The main function of the sensors described in detail above is to permit the construction of a predictive model of urinary leakage, which will be used to manage changes to pressure on the urethra in relation to patient activity. However, these sensors can also be used to control the described device to prevent urinary leakage. When the patient wishes to urinate, the device must be instructed so that the cuff reaches a pressure of P₀ allowing unrestricted voiding. Rather than using a mechanical actuator, the sensors can be used to transmit a voiding signal given by the user to the control device 2.

This alternative was already described above with respect to sensors to sense activity of the pelvic muscles. It is effectively possible to programme the control device 2 so that it actuates the device to obtain a voiding pressure P₀ in response to a particular succession of signals derived from the EMG sensor of the pelvic muscles. This can be achieved with most of the other sensors.

It is also useful that an assistant or other person should be able to actuate the device to prevent urinary leakage should the patient no longer be capable of actuating it alone or for any other reason. As indicated above, the control device 2 is preferably adapted for wireless communication with an external control device 6. This external control device may for example be adapted to instruct the control device 2 to actuate the cuff 1 in order to obtain a voiding pressure P₀.

Any type of communication can be envisaged such as a radiofrequency communication. One alternative or complementary solution is to use the sensors as controls to command opening of the device, in the same way as is provided for the patient. For example by using an abdominal pressure sensor and by programming a particular opening sequence, an assistant may command opening of the artificial urinary sphincter by tapping the particular sequence on the abdomen. The system can also be provided with a safety valve which can be actuated by a magnetic field, and which is adapted to place the cuff under a pressure permitting voiding when actuated by a particular external magnetizing system. The use of a magnetizing system has the advantage of permitting opening without requiring any energy consumption.

The device to prevent urinary leakage presented here offers numerous advantages for the treatment of urinary incontinence, irrespective of its seriousness. Ease of controls and the safety aspects are firstly important for user comfort. In addition, automation of the prosthesis through the use of electronic control means that can be remotely adjusted by an external device offers the possibility to adjust the settings of the device without having recourse to surgery, which is particularly advantageous when it is known that necessary pressure constraints at the urethra or the threshold pressure values for leaks can change over time.

Finally, the most substantial advantage lies in the dynamic functioning permitted by the described device. The fact that it is possible to apply pressure to the urethra in relation to the patient's real needs, in relation to the activity of the patient, places less demand on the urethra, and thereby reduces risks of urethral atrophy. By way of illustration, giving consideration to a prior art artificial urinary sphincter applying a pressure in the order of 70 cmH₂O when actuated, and assuming the voiding frequency of the patient is around 4 times per 24 hours and that each voiding lasts around 3 minutes during which time the opening of the cuff is almost zero, the mean pressure applied to the urethra is around 69.8 cmH₂O. If the same parameters are considered for the prosthesis presented herein, with pressures after implantation set at P_(lying)=30 cmH₂O for 30% of the time, P_(act)=45 cmH₂O 50% of the time and P_(effort)=70 cmH₂O for the remaining 20%, the mean pressure obtained in the cuff is approximately 45.5 cmH₂O i.e. a reduction in the pressure applied to the urethra of almost 36%.

The reader will appreciate that numerous modifications can be made hereto without departing materially from the novel teachings and advantages described herein. Therefore any modifications of this type are intended to be incorporated within the scope of the described device to prevent urinary leakage. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A device to prevent urinary leakage intended to be implanted in a patient, comprising: a cuff operable to compress a urethra of the patient, an implanted electronic controller operablc configured to actuate the cuff, a first sensor operable to measure [[the]] activity of the patient and coupled with the controller, the controller being configured to anticipate any urinary leakage depending on the measured activity of the patient, wherein the measured activity relates to a position of the patient, the controller being configured to: (a) detect, in response to a first signal from the first sensor, if the position of the patient is a standing or sitting position along a substantially vertical axis; (b) detect, in response to a second signal from the first sensor, if the position of the patient is a lying down position along a substantially horizonal axis; and (c) cause the cuff to have a different urethra compression pressure if the position of the patient is the standing or sitting position versus the lying down position to prevent the urinary leakage.
 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the first sensor is further configured to measure movement of the patient.
 3. The device of claim 2, wherein the first sensor is an accelerometer comprising one or more measurement axes.
 4. The device of claim 1, further comprising a second sensor, coupled to the controller, configured to measure intra-abdominal pressure of the patient.
 5. The device of claim 1, further comprising a second sensor, coupled to the controller, configured to measure intra-vesical pressure.
 6. The device of claim 1, further comprising a second sensor, coupled to the controller, configured to measure endo-urethral pressure of the patient.
 7. The device of claim 1, further comprising a second sensor, coupled to the controller, configured to measure activity of a muscle.
 8. The device of claim 7, wherein the second sensor comprises a mechanomyograph sensor configured to be placed on the muscle to measure movements generated by contractions of the muscle.
 9. The device of claim 7, wherein the second sensor comprises an electromyograph sensor configured to be placed through the muscle to measure an electric potential generated by contractions of the muscle.
 10. The device of claim 1, further comprising a second sensor, coupled to the controller, configured to measure activity of at least one portion of a rectus abdominis muscle.
 11. The device of claim 1, further comprising a second sensor, coupled to the controller, configured to measure activity of at least one pelvic muscle.
 12. The device of claim 1, further comprising a second sensor, coupled to the controller, configured to measure activity of a detrusor.
 13. The device of claim 1, further comprising anoher a second sensor, coupled to the controller, configured to measure a heart rate of the patient.
 14. The device of claim 1, further comprising a second sensor, coupled to the controller, configured to measure a respiratory rate of the patient.
 15. The device of claim 1, further comprising: a detector configured to detect urinary leakage, storage configured to store measurement and detection signals respectively derived from the first sensor and the detector for a determined time corresponding to a period of the activity of the patient, wherein the stored measurement signals include the first and second signals, and the controller configured to process the stored measurement and detection signals, in order to anticipate the urinary leakage of the patient by correlating a combination of all or part of the measurement signals with the presence or absence of a subsequent urinary leak, depending on the measured activity of the patient.
 16. The device of claim 1, further comprising a second sensor configured to measure filling of a bladder of the patient.
 17. The device of claim 16, wherein the second sensor comprises an ultrasound sensor configured to be implanted in the patient to visualize the bladder.
 18. The device of claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to actuate the cuff dynamically depending on the measured activity of the patient.
 19. The device of claim 1, wherein the cuff is configured to apply compression of variable intensity to the urethra, ranging from absolutely no compression to full occlusion of the urethra.
 20. The device of claim 1, further comprising a safety valve coupled to the cuff, the safety valve being adapted to be actuated to cause the cuff to provide full absence of compression on the urethra in response to an opening instruction, and in response to a closing instruction to cause the cuff to achieve compression of the urethra equal to a compression on the urethra prior to the opening instruction.
 21. The device of claim 20, wherein the safety valve is coupled with physiological sensors configured to be implanted in the patient, so as to enable the patient to transmit the opening instruction or the closing instruction to the controller.
 22. The device of claim 21, wherein the physiological sensors are configured to measure a contraction of a muscle so that the opening or closing instruction depends on a frequency of the contraction of the muscle.
 23. The device of claim 20, wherein the safety valve is coupled with an external controller adapted to allow an assistant to transmit an opening or closing instruction to the safety valve.
 24. The device of claim 23, wherein the safety valve is adapted to be actuated by the external controller via radio waves.
 25. The device of claim 23, wherein the safety valve is adapted to be actuated by the external controller via magnetic waves.
 26. The device of claim 20, wherein the safety valve is coupled with an internal clock, the internal clock allowing recording of time intervals between patient voidings, the safety valve is adapted to be actuated to cause the cuff to obtain total absence of compression on the urethra in an event that a maximum time interval between the voidings is exceeded.
 27. A method to control a device for prevention of urinary leakage of a patient, the device comprising a cuff compressing a urethra of the patient, an implanted electronic controller configured to actuate the cuff, and a sensor coupled with the implanted electronic controller, the method comprising: measuring activity of the patient with the sensor, comparing the measured activity of the patient with a threshold value associated with the urinary leakage based on the activity of the patient, via the implanted electronic controller, and the implanted electronic controller instructing the cuff depending on the comparison to anticipate a possible urinary leak, and a remote controller communicating with the implanted electronic controller, the remote controller being external to the patient, and the remote controller allowing parameterization modification of the implanted electronic controller, wherein in response to an opening instruction the cuff no longer applies any compression on the urethra, and in response to a closing instruction the cuff exerts a compression on the urethra equal to a compression on the urethra prior to the opening instruction, the patient being able to give the opening or closing instruction via a physiological signal.
 28. A method for prevention of urinary leakage of a patient, the method comprising: (a) measuring activity of the patient with a multi-axis accelerometer; (b) using an implanted microprocessor to detect if the patient is in a standing or sitting position along a substantially vertical axis in response to a first signal from the accelerometer; (c) using the microprocessor to detect if the patient is in a lying down position along a substantially horizonal axis in response to a second signal from the accelerometer; and (d) the microprocessor causing an instruction given to a cuff to compress a urethra with a closing pressure to differ if the patient is in the standing or sitting position versus the lying down position to deter urinary leak.
 29. The method of claim 28, further comprising using the microprocessor to instruct the cuff to compress the urethra a first pressure in a high effort situation of the patient, as compared to a second pressure in the standing or sitting position, and as compared to a third pressure in the lying down position, the first pressure being greater than the second and the third pressures, and the second pressure being greater than the third pressure.
 30. The method of claim 28, further comprising a remote controller communicating with the implanted microprocessor, the remote controller being external to the patient, and the remote controller allowing parameterization modification of the implanted microprocessor.
 31. The method of claim 28, further comprising the microprocessor causing hydraulic fluid to flow between a reservoir and the cuff, and cause the cuff to vary compression on the urethra.
 32. The method of claim 28, further comprising a second sensor detecting muscle contraction of the patient and at least a third sensor detecting one of: (a) heart rate, or (b) bladder fill.
 33. The method of claim 28, further comprising measuring mechano-electric feedback of a rectus abdominis muscle of the patient to detect a sudden increase in abdominal pressure and anticipate the urinary leakage, and the microprocessor increasing compression of a cuff to deter the urinary leakage. 